In A Blended Learning Master In School Improvement, It Really Need

 

Blended Learning

In A Blended Learning Master In School Improvement, It Really Need - Improvement of qualification of teachers is one of the Indonesian government's priorities, it is as a form of realization of teachers and lecturers of Law no.14 / 2005, which requires teachers to have a minimum qualification of S-1 and a certificate as a teacher. At this time a teacher in Indonesia amounted to as many as 2,667,655 people (MONE, 2007). In addition to the academic quality of teachers, conditions increased academic qualifications of teachers, teacher shortage conditions still experienced by some regions in Indonesia at various levels pendidikaaan. In 2007, in addition to the Open University Indonesian government through the Directorate General of Higher Education and Quality Improvement Directorate of Personnel set 10 LPTK to jointly organize ODL system for teacher qualification improvement program through education SI PGSD.

PJJ in this program based on information and communication technology Blended Learning by using the internet as the main media, face-to-face performed only a few times at the residential program, using the rest of the e-learning program. The success of ODL PGSD and distance learning system that uses e-learning as a primary tool, will determine by the model learning management system (LMS) developed, and the government together with the relevant parties are still searching for a model LMS reliable to capture the profile of professional teachers, who have the competence and teacher education equivalent exceeds even the teachers with regular learning system. Model blended e-learning is a combination of several conventional learning approaches, namely in the form of face to face learning and web-based e-learning.
If studied in terminological then blended e-learning emphasis on the use of the internet as the opinion Rosenberg (2001) emphasizes that the blended e-learning refers to the use of Internet technology to deliver a range of solutions that can improve their knowledge and skills. This is similar to Cambell (2002), which essentially emphasizes the use of the Internet in education as the essence of blended e-learning, including for teacher education. Specifically in teacher education blended e-learning have the following meanings.

1. Blended e-learning is the delivery of information, communication, education, training of teacher training materials both the substance and the subject matter of science education online.
2. Blended e-learning provides a set of tools that can enrich the learning value in the conventional (belajarkonvensional models, the study of textbooks, CD-ROMs, and computer-based training) so that it can respond to the challenges of globalization development.
3. Blended e-learning does not mean replacing the conventional model of learning in the classroom, but reinforce the learning model content and education technology development.
4. The capacity of teachers vary greatly depending on the content and form of delivery. The better the alignment and apparatus conveys the learning styles, the better the capacity of students who in turn will give better results.
5. Memanfaatakan electronic technology services; where teachers and students, students and fellow teachers and fellow students or teachers can communicate with relative ease with without being limited by matters of protocol.
6. Utilizing the advantages of computers (digital media and computer networks).
7. Using the teaching materials is independent (self learning materials) stored on a computer so it can be accessed by teachers and students anytime and anywhere when the respective need.
8. Utilizing the schedule of learning, the curriculum, the results of the learning progress and matters relating to the administration of education can be viewed at any time on the computer.

There are three things Blended Learning the positive impact of Internet usage in education, namely: (1) students can easily take courses anywhere in the world without limits or borders intuition. (2) students can easily learn to experts in the field of interest. (3) lecture / study can easily be taken in various parts of the world without relying on the university / school where the students learn.
As proposed by Gegne (1984) Learning effective has the following criteria: (1) involve learning in the learning process; (2) encourage the emergence of skills for independent learning (learn how to learn); (3) improving the knowledge and skills of the learner; (4) provide motivation to learn more. Darmodihardjo (1998: 39) argues that tutors have a role in the execution of their duties which include; (1) as a motivator, (2) as a facilitator, (3) as guidance and evaluators, (4) the development of the subject matter, (5) the manager of the learning process, (6) an agent update. Meanwhile Muhammad Zen (2000: 69-70) argues that the task of tutors as teachers include; (1) as an informator, (2) as an organizer, (3) as a motivator, (4) as a director, (5) as the initiator, (6) as a transmitter, (7) as facilitator, (8) as a mediator, (9 ) as an evaluator.
Concepts Tutorial
Tutorial is a process of providing assistance and guidance to learn from one person to another, either individually or in groups. In this concept, the tutorial is a service learning allows the learning process with different characteristics, such as the lecturer who serves as a facilitator of learning rather than as a teacher. The types of tutorials that provide a tutorial to-face (TTM) and on-line tutorials.
This tutorial Blended Learning is done with the aid of a computer network. Models online tutorial is a tutorial that uses a model of a computer network. The material provided in the form of text tutorial which can be accessed anywhere the student in the form without having to meet with a tutor. In this model, the tutor should prepare manuscripts tutorial that allows the interaction between tutor and student. In addition, the active participation of the students is also very necessary because it affects the value end of the tutorial.

THE POWER OF POSITIVE THINKING

Positive thinking

Positive thinking is a step to think that is processed in a manner that yielded positive "positive energy", which is a power that will produce the ideas and attitudes that good that can make humans into spirit, doing some things right and be happy. Positive thinking is one among the characters that need to be owned by each individual, because with this character, a lot of good results that will be obtained. Positive thinking is not going to make us be stopped because of the limited but positive thoughts instead will make us look for the ability of our day to day. Positive thinking is divided into three components, namely a charge of mind, the use of the mind, and mind control.

Positive thinking is an attempt to fill the mind with a variety of positive or positive charge. According Ubaedy, a positive charge to mind that various forms of thought that area. The intent of this dimension that is taking our minds have been filled by the positive charge. In order to optimize the positive thinking, the use of the mind is realized in the form of real need. Because of the positive charge in the mind still is a good charge.

The third dimension of positive thinking is supervision mind. This activity includes any attempt to know the charge is entered into the room of mind and how the mind works. When in the know there are some negative things that helped get into the room thought so it took the form of the action undertaken remove some negative things was to replace them with some positive things. Similarly, if in fact it was identified that the mind works no effort should be undertaken to repair the deficiencies or mistakes.

Below is partially benefit from the positive:

1. Handle stress (Stress Management) - Positive thinking helps you handle stress conditions, underestimate the negative thoughts, replace pessimistic thoughts so optimistic, reduce fears and reduce stress. When you increase the positive attitude you can control your life well. 
2. Be more healthy (Health) - ur thoughts immediately affect the way the body and how it works. There currently replace negative thoughts with calmness, confidence and peace, instead of hatred, fear, and anxiety, so you will feel well-being. As well as this means you are not naturally a matter of time sleeping, not feeling the heat muscles, anxiety, and fatigue. Some people think of younger negative of depression.
3. Confident self (Confidence) - With positive thinking, so you are more confident themselves and not try to be someone else. If you are not sure you'll never add good life.
4. Can decide the right (Smart-Decision) - Positive thinking dodge you select the wrong provision or do anything stupid ago regret. Positive thinking makes you choose the terms quickly. 
5. Increase the concentration (Focus) - Wear positive thoughts to help you concentrate more time dealing with the problems. If you are going to spend time thinking negative, as well as your power. 
6. Can set when added either (Time Management) - With increasing concentration and strength make good provisions added, you will be more organized. This will help you gain more and more moments to yourself and your loved ones. 
7. More successful in life (Success) - A positive attitude not only can improve your concentration and more can be set when properly but lead you to happiness and success change your life time. 
8. Having many colleagues (Acquintances) - When I think of the positive, you will attract the attention of several people and while some people that are close to you they will feel comfortable. 
9. So brave (Brave) - Fear comes from negative thoughts. So positive thinkers get rid of the fear. Courage comes from the fact that you keep positive you will know that no matter what takes place in your life, you can deal with it. 
10. Life happier (Happiness) - Convinced themselves is the fact that you are happy to be yourself and not trying to be someone else. If you have the spirit of positive thinking, you always face a happy life, peace, laughter, good health and success.

"Your fate is not determined by where you are, but by what you fill your mind" . The point is that fate is determined by how people can manage the potential in him, this would not be separated from the role of human reason. But, more important is not the result, but what is guiding our thoughts. Mind that positive guidance it will be positive, and vice versa. Thoughts of a negative guidance it will be negative too.

So what positive thinking really is? Has a sense of positive thinking: First, the positive charge. Positive thinking adala attempt to fill the spaces in the mind with positive charge. Napoleon Hill thought that the rooms are: imagination, memory, drive, reason, emotion, awareness, sixth sense, senses, and the subconscious mind. We can also refer to another explanation stating that the mind is; reason (the mind and intellectual), intuition (feelings, emotional), and conscience (heart, spiritual). The positive charge is meant here are the various forms of thought (thought) that the criteria are:

- Right (do not violate)

- The values of the right)

- Good (for us, otherü people, and environment)

- Helpful (produceü something useful)

Second, the use of the mind. People who think positively are those who menggukan positive thoughts to do positive things for example in the form of:

To realize positiveü goals / targets-positive targe. To develop a variety potential (talents, knowledge, experience, character, etc.) To resolve problems /issues that arise in a positive way, creative. Third, control the mind (monitoring and controlling). That is, think positively associated with our ability to control the mind.

And the things that need to be run in the process of thinking is: Chath (capture); tryingü to find out loads of positive and negative thoughts

Change (change); tryingü to turn a negative into a positive Create (create); tryingü to create a positive new ideas to replace old, negative thoughts. Thus the picture of a positive attitude thinking. Hopefully this paper can provide new knowledge and understanding to us, which is more important is to provide external benefits can be great for writers and readers loved.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING

CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING

Behavioristic Learning Theory is a theory which emphasizes learning in human behavior. Looking at the individual as being reactive to give the response to lingkungan.Pengalaman and maintenance will shape their behavior. The hallmark of this theory is the priority elements and a small part, is mechanistic, emphasizing the role of the environment, concerned with the formation of a reaction or response, stressed the importance of exercise, concerned with the mechanisms of learning, the role of ability and importance of learning the results obtained is the emergence of the desired behavior. In this learning theory is often called psychological SR means that human behavior is controlled by rewards or reward and reinforcement, or reinforcement from the environment. Thus the learning behavior is closely interwoven between behavioral reactions.

Teachers who hold this view that berpandapat student behavior is a reaction to the environment and is the result of learning.

A. Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949)

According to Thorndike studied the formation event associations anatara event called stimulus and response. This learning theory called the theory of "connectionism". The experiment was carried out with the cat entered the cage when the door closed which can be opened automatically when Knop in the cage untouched. Experiment produced a theory Trial and Error. The characteristics of learning by trial and error is: the activity, there are various responses to various situations, adal eliminasai of the wrong responses, there are reactions progress goals. Thorndike discovered laws.

- Law of readiness (Law of Readiness)

If an organism is supported by a strong readiness for the implementation of the stimulus behavior will cause the individual gratification that tend strengthened.

- Legal training

The more often a behavior trained or used the stronger the association.

- Legal due

Stimulus and response relationships tend to be strengthened if the result of fun and tend to be weakened if akibanya unsatisfactory.

B. Iván Petrovich Pavlo (1849-1936) and Watson Pavlo laboratories experimenting on dogs. In this experiment give a dog in that bersarat stimulus bersarat reaction in dogs. Examples of such situations in the human experiment is a bell on a timer class to unwitting cause of the tagging process something that sounds different from food vendors, bell, and the queue at the bank. From these examples were applied to individual Pavlo strategy can be controlled through how to change the natural stimulus with an appropriate stimulus to get the desired response repetition. While individuals are not consciously controlled by the stimulus from the outside. Learning according to this theory is a process of change that occurs because of the conditions that cause the most important in learning reaksi.Yang according to this theory is the existence of practice and repetition. The weakness of this theory is to learn just happens automatically active and personal determination ignored.

C. Carlk L. Hull Reinforcement is an important factor in the learning that should exist. But for Hull reinforcement functions more as a drive factor reduction than satisfied. In studying the necessary SR relationships examined is the role of intervening variables (also known as an element of O (organisms). Factor O is the internal situation and something that summed (Inferred), the effect can be seen on the R factor of the output.

D. Skinner (1904-1990) Skinner considers rierforcement rewards and is an important factor dalan learning. Skinner argues that the purpose of psychology is to predict the behavior control. Pda this theory teacher gift or reward high value so that the child will be more diligent. This theory is also called operant conditioning.

Operant conditing ensure stimuli.Bila response to stimuli does not show the teacher can not guide the students to direct their behavior. Teachers have a role in controlling and directing students in the learning process that achieved the desired goals Skinner divided into 2 types of responses.

- Respondents

Response due to specific stimuli such as Pavlo.

- Operans

- Response due to random circumstances. Operans conditioning is a process of strengthening operans behavior that can lead to such behavior can be started again or disappear at will.

Skinners learning principles are:

o The results of study should be immediately notified if any student is given a corrected if the amplifier.

o The learning process must follow the rhythm of the study. Subject matter is used as a module system.

o In the process of learning more overlooked his own activities, do not use punishment. For environments that need to be changed to avoid punishment.

o the desired behavior are rewarded and educators should be given to use of the prize variable schedule reinforcer ratio.

o be used in learning shapping

E. Robert Gagne (1916-2002) Gagne's theory is widely used to design Instructional Software (Drill a Tutorial Program). The biggest contribution of Gagne's theory is 9 Instructional Instructional conditions:

- Gaining attention = get attention

- Intorm learner of objectives = inform students about the objectives to be achieved

- Stimulate recall of prerequisite learning = stimulation of basic skills to prepare students to learn.

- Present new material = new presentation of material

- Provide guidance = provide coaching

- Elicit performance = bring action

- Provide feedback about correctness = ready to give direct feedback to the good results

- Assess performance = Assessing learning outcomes indicated

- Enhance retention and recall = increase the memory storage process and recall. Gagne called the modern noebehaviouristik encourages teachers to plan lessons so that the atmosphere and learning styles can be modified.

F. Albert Bandura (1925-present) Bandura's theory is the study of social learning theory or social cognitive and self-efficacy showed the importance of observing and imitating the behaviors, attitudes and emotions of others. Bandura's theory explains human behavior in the context of the interaction behavior under continuous timbale between kognitine behavioral and environmental influences. Factors which proceeds in the observation is concern, considering, the production of motor, motivation. Applications theory of student learning. Teachers who use the paradigm of behaviorism will compile teaching materials that have been prepared so that the goals of students occupied delivered intact by the teacher. Teachers not only gave a speech but also the examples. Hierarchy of learning materials developed from simple to complex. The results of learning can be measured and observed, mistakes can be corrected. The expected result is the formation of a desired behavior.

Weaknesses and strengths. This method is very suitable for the acquisition of skills that require practice and conditioning that contain elements of spontaneity, flexibility, speed endurance and so on. This theory is also suitable to be applied to train the children who still need a parent's role. Disadvantages of this method is student-centered learning on teachers are mechanical and only results-oriented. Students considered passive, students just listen, memorize the teacher explained that teachers as a central and authoritarian.